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  Euphorbia


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/Euphorbia/
Euphorbia cf. serrata </wiki/Image:Euphorbia_February_2008-2.jpg>
/Euphorbia cf. serrata/
Scientific classification </wiki/Biological_classification>
Kingdom: 	Plantae </wiki/Plant>
Division: 	Magnoliophyta </wiki/Magnoliophyta>
Class: 	Magnoliopsida </wiki/Magnoliopsida>
Subclass: 	Rosidae </wiki/Rosidae>
(unranked): 	Eurosids I </wiki/Eurosids_I>
Order: 	Malpighiales </wiki/Malpighiales>
Family: 	Euphorbiaceae </wiki/Euphorbiaceae>
Subfamily: 	Euphorbioideae </wiki/Euphorbioideae>
Tribe: 	Euphorbieae </wiki/Euphorbieae>
Subtribe: 	*Euphorbiinae*
Genus: 	/*Euphorbia*/
L. </wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus>

Diversity </wiki/List_of_Euphorbia_species>
c.2160 species
Type species </wiki/Biological_type>
/Euphorbia serrata </wiki/Euphorbia_serrata>/
Subgenera </wiki/Subgenera>

/Chamaesyce </wiki/Chamaesyce>/
/Esula </wiki/Esula>/
/Euphorbia </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_(subgenus)&action=edit&redlink=1>/
/Rhizanthium </w/index.php?title=Rhizanthium&action=edit&redlink=1>/
and see below <#Subgenera>

Synonyms </wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)>

/Chamaesyce/
/Elaeophorbia/
/Endadenium/
/Monadenium/
/Synadenium/
/Pedilanthus/

/*Euphorbia*/ is a genus </wiki/Genus> of plants </wiki/Plant> belonging
to the family </wiki/Family_(biology)> Euphorbiaceae
</wiki/Euphorbiaceae>. Consisting of about 2160 species </wiki/Species>,
/Euphorbia/ is one of the most diverse genera in the plant kingdom.
Members of the family and genus are sometimes referred to /Spurges/. The
genus is primarily found in the tropical </wiki/Tropical> and
subtropical </wiki/Subtropical> regions of Africa </wiki/Africa> and the
Americas </wiki/Americas>, but also in temperate zones
</wiki/Temperate_zone> worldwide. Succulent </wiki/Succulent> species
originate mostly from Africa, the Americas and Madagascar
</wiki/Madagascar>. There exists a wide range of insular </wiki/Island>
species, namely on the Hawaiian Islands </wiki/Hawaiian_Islands> where
spurges are collectively known as /*ʻakoko*/^[/verification needed
</wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability>/]

The common name </wiki/Common_name> "spurge" derives from the Middle
English </wiki/Middle_English>/Old French </wiki/Old_French> /espurge/
("to purge"), due to the use of the plant's sap as a purgative
</wiki/Purgative>.

The botanical name </wiki/Botanical_name> /Euphorbia/ derives from
Euphorbus
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbus_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1>, the
Greek </wiki/Roman_Greece> physician </wiki/Physician> of king Juba II
</wiki/Juba_II> of Numidia </wiki/Numidia> (52-50 BC - 23 AD). He is
reported to have used a certain plant, possibly Resin Spurge
</wiki/Resin_Spurge> (/E. resinifera/), as a herbal </wiki/Herbalism>
remedy when the king suffered from a swollen belly^[/verification needed
</wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability>/] . Carolus Linnaeus
</wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus> assigned the name /Euphorbia/ to the entire
genus in the physician's honor.^[1] <#cite_note-0>

Juba II himself was a noted patron of the arts and sciences and
sponsored several expeditions and biological research. He also was a
notable author, writing several scholarly and popular scientific works
such as treatises on natural history or a best-selling traveller's guide
to Arabia </wiki/Arabia>. /Euphorbia regisjubae
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_regisjubae&action=edit&redlink=1>/ (King
Juba's Euphorbia
</w/index.php?title=King_Juba%27s_Euphorbia&action=edit&redlink=1>) was
named to honor the king's contributions to natural history and his role
in bringing the genus to notice.


    Contents

[hide <javascript:toggleToc()>]

    * 1 Description <#Description>
          o 1.1 Xerophytes and succulents <#Xerophytes_and_succulents>
          o 1.2 Toxicity <#Toxicity>
    * 2 Uses <#Uses>
    * 3 Systematics and taxonomy <#Systematics_and_taxonomy>
          o 3.1 Selected species <#Selected_species>
          o 3.2 Subgenera <#Subgenera>
    * 4 Footnotes <#Footnotes>
    * 5 References <#References>
    * 6 External links <#External_links>


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=1>] Description

The plants are annual </wiki/Annual_plant> or perennial
</wiki/Perennial_plant> herbs </wiki/Herb>, woody shrubs </wiki/Shrub>
or trees </wiki/Trees> with a caustic, poisonous milky sap (latex
</wiki/Latex>). The roots </wiki/Root> are fine or thick and fleshy or
tuberous. Many species are more or less succulent
</wiki/Succulent_plant>, thorny or unarmed. The main stem and mostly
also the side arms of the succulent species are thick and fleshy, 15-91
cm (6-36 inches) tall. The deciduous leaves </wiki/Leaf> are opposite,
alternate or in whorls. In succulent species the leaves are mostly small
and short-lived. The stipules </wiki/Stipule> are mostly small, partly
transformed into spines </wiki/Spine_(botany)> or glands </wiki/Gland>,
or missing.

Like all members of the family Euphorbiaceae, all spurges have unisexual
flowers </wiki/Flower>. In /Euphorbia/ these are greatly reduced and
grouped into pseudanthia </wiki/Pseudanthium> called cyathia
</wiki/Cyathium>. The majority of species are monoecious
</wiki/Monoecious> (bearing male and female flowers on the same plant),
although some are dioecious </wiki/Dioecious> with male and female
flowers occurring on different plants. It is not unusual for the central
cyathia of a cyme </wiki/Cyme> to be purely male, and for lateral
cyathia to carry both sexes. Sometimes young plants or those growing
under unfavourable conditions are male only, and only produce female
flowers in the cyathia with maturity or as growing conditions improve.
The bracts </wiki/Bract> are often leaf-like, sometimes brightly
coloured and attractive, sometimes reduced to tiny scales. The fruits
</wiki/Fruit> are three (rarely two) compartment capsules
</wiki/Capsule_(fruit)>, sometimes fleshy but almost always ripening to
a woody container that then splits open (explosively). The seeds
</wiki/Seed> are 4-angled, oval or spherical, and in some species have a
caruncle </wiki/Elaiosome>.


      [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=2>]
      Xerophytes and succulents

In the genus /Euphorbia/ succulence in the species has often evolved
divergently and to differing degrees. Sometimes it is difficult to
decide, and it is a question of interpretation, whether or not a species
is really succulent or "only" xerophytic </wiki/Xerophytic>. In some
cases, especially with geophytes </wiki/Geophyte>, plants closely
related to the succulents are normal herbs. About 850 species are
succulent in the strictest sense. If one includes slightly succulent and
xerophytic species, this figure rises to about 1000, representing about
45% of all /Euphorbia/ species.


      [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=3>] Toxicity

The latex (milky sap) of spurges acts as a deterrent for herbivores
</wiki/Herbivore> as well as a wound healer. Usually it is white, but in
rare cases (e.g. /E. abdelkuri </wiki/Euphorbia_abdelkuri>/) yellow. As
it is under pressure, it runs out from the slightest wound and congeals
within a few minutes of contact with the air. Among the component parts
are many di- or tri-terpen </wiki/Terpene> esters </wiki/Ester>, which
can vary in composition according to species, and in some cases the
variant may be typical of that species. The terpen ester composition
determines how caustic and irritating to the skin it is. In contact with
mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) the latex can produce extremely
painful inflammation </wiki/Inflammation>. In experiments with animals
it was found that the terpen ester resiniferatoxin
</wiki/Resiniferatoxin> had an irritating effect 10,000 to 100,000 times
stronger than capsaicin </wiki/Capsaicin>, the "hot" substance found in
chillies </wiki/Chillies>. Several terpen esters are also known to be
carcinogenic </wiki/Cancer>.

Therefore spurges should be handled with caution. Latex coming in
contact with the skin should be washed off immediately and thoroughly.
Partially or completely congealed latex is often no longer soluble in
water, but can be removed with an emulsion (milk, hand-cream). A
physician should be consulted regarding any inflammation of a mucous
membrane. It has been noticed, when cutting large succulent spurges in a
greenhouse, that vapours from the latex spread and can cause severe
irritation to the eyes and air passages several metres away.
Precautions, including sufficient ventilation, are required. Small
children and domestic pets should be kept from contact with spurges.


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=4>] Uses

Several spurges are grown as garden plants, among them Poinsettia
</wiki/Poinsettia> (/E. pulcherrima/) and the succulent /E. trigona
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_trigona&action=edit&redlink=1>/. /E.
pekinensis </wiki/Euphorbia_pekinensis>/ (Chinese: 大
<http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7>戟
<http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%9F>; pinyin: dàjǐ) is used in
traditional Chinese medicine </wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine>, where
it is regarded as one of the 50 fundamental herbs
</wiki/Chinese_herbology#50_fundamental_herbs>. Several /Euphorbia/
species are used as food plants by the larvae </wiki/Larva> of some
Lepidoptera </wiki/Lepidoptera> (butterflies and moths), including the
Giant Leopard Moth </wiki/Giant_Leopard_Moth>.


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=5>]
    Systematics and taxonomy

According to recent studies of DNA sequence </wiki/DNA_sequence>
data^[2] <#cite_note-dnaphylogeny-1> most of the smaller "satellite
genera" around the huge genus /Euphorbia/ nest deep within the latter.
Consequently these taxa </wiki/Taxa>, namely the never generally
accepted genus /*Chamaesyce*/ as well as the smaller genera /Cubanthus
</wiki/Cubanthus>/,^[3] <#cite_note-cubanthus-2> /*Elaeophorbia*/,
/*Endadenium*/, /*Monadenium*/, /*Synadenium*/ and /*Pedilanthus*/ were
transferred to /Euphorbia/. The entire subtribe </wiki/Subtribe>
Euphorbiinae now consists solely of the genus /Euphorbia/.


      [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=6>]
      Selected species

See List of Euphorbia species </wiki/List_of_Euphorbia_species> for
complete list.

    * /Euphorbia albomarginata </wiki/Euphorbia_albomarginata>/ –
      Rattlesnake Weed, White-margined Sandmat
    * /Euphorbia amygdaloides </wiki/Euphorbia_amygdaloides>/ – Wood Spurge
    * /Euphorbia antisyphilitica </wiki/Euphorbia_antisyphilitica>/ –
      Candelilla
    * /Euphorbia bulbispina </wiki/Euphorbia_bulbispina>/
    * /Euphorbia cyparissias </wiki/Euphorbia_cyparissias>/ – Cypress Spurge
    * /Euphorbia decidua </wiki/Euphorbia_decidua>/
    * /Euphorbia elastica
      </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_elastica&action=edit&redlink=1>/ –
      (Mexican) Palo Amarillo
    * /Euphorbia esula </wiki/Euphorbia_esula>/ – Leafy Spurge
    * /Euphorbia franckiana </wiki/Euphorbia_franckiana>/
    * /Euphorbia helioscopia </wiki/Euphorbia_helioscopia>/ – Sun Spurge
    * /Euphorbia heterophylla </wiki/Euphorbia_heterophylla>/ – Painted
      Euphorbia, Desert Poinsettia, (Mexican) Fireplant, Paint Leaf, Kaliko
    * /Euphorbia labatii </wiki/Euphorbia_labatii>/
    * /Euphorbia lactea </wiki/Euphorbia_lactea>/ – Mottled Spurge,
      Frilled Fan, Elkhorn
    * /Euphorbia lathyris </wiki/Euphorbia_lathyris>/ – Caper Spurge,
      Paper Spurge, Gopher Spurge, Gopher Plant, Mole Plant
    * /Euphorbia maculata </wiki/Euphorbia_maculata>/ – Spotted Spurge,
      Prostrate Spurge
    * /Euphorbia maritae </wiki/Euphorbia_maritae>/
    * /Euphorbia milii </wiki/Euphorbia_milii>/ – Crown-of-thorns,
      Christ Plant
    * /Euphorbia myrsinites </wiki/Euphorbia_myrsinites>/ – Myrtle
      Spurge, Creeping Spurge, donkey tail
    * /Euphorbia peplis </wiki/Euphorbia_peplis>/ – Purple Spurge
    * /Euphorbia peplus </wiki/Euphorbia_peplus>/ – Petty Spurge
    * /Euphorbia pulcherrima </wiki/Euphorbia_pulcherrima>/ –
      Poinsettia, Mexican Flame Leaf, Christmas Star, Winter Rose, Noche
      Buena, Lalupatae, Pascua, /Atatürk çiçeği/ (Turkish
      </wiki/Turkish_(language)>)
    * /Euphorbia resinifera </wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera>/ – Resin Spurge
    * /Euphorbia serrata </wiki/Euphorbia_serrata>/ – Serrated spurge,
      Sawtooth spurge
    * /Euphorbia tirucalli </wiki/Euphorbia_tirucalli>/ – Indian Tree
      Spurge, Milk Bush, Pencil Tree
    * /Euphorbia tithymaloides </wiki/Euphorbia_tithymaloides>/ –
      Devil's Backbone, "Redbird cactus", /cimora misha/ (Peru </wiki/Peru>)
    * /Euphorbia virosa </wiki/Euphorbia_virosa>/


      [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=7>] Subgenera

Simplified diagram of relations in subtribe Euphorbiinae
</wiki/Image:Euphorbiinae_tree.png>
</wiki/Image:Euphorbiinae_tree.png>
Simplified diagram of relations in subtribe Euphorbiinae
</wiki/Euphorbiinae>

The genus /Euphorbia/ is one of the largest and most complex genera of
flowering plants </wiki/Flowering_plant> and several botanists
</wiki/Botanist> have made unsuccessful attempts to subdivide the genus
into numerous smaller genera. According to the recent phylogenetic
</wiki/Phylogenetic> studies,^[2] <#cite_note-dnaphylogeny-1>
/Euphorbia/ can be divided into 4 subgenera </wiki/Subgenera>, each
containing several not yet sufficiently studied sections
</wiki/Section_(botany)> and groups. Of these, /Esula </wiki/Esula>/ is
the most basal </wiki/Basal_(evolution)>. /Chamaesyce
</wiki/Chamaesyce>/ and /Euphorbia
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_(subgenus)&action=edit&redlink=1>/ are
probably sister taxa </wiki/Sister_taxa> but very closely related to
/Rhizanthium/. Extensive xeromorph </wiki/Xeromorph> adaptations in all
probability evolved </wiki/Evolve> several times; it is not known if the
common ancestor of the cactus-like /Rhizanthium/ and /Euphorbia/
lineages was xeromorphic - in which case a more normal morphology would
have re-evolved namely in /Chamaesyce/ - or whether extensive
xeromorphism is entirely polyphyletic </wiki/Polyphyletic> even to the
level of the subgenera.

    * *Esula*

</wiki/Image:Light_green_flowers.jpg>

Wood Spurge </wiki/Wood_Spurge>
/Euphorbia amygdaloides/

	
</wiki/Image:Zypressenwolfsmilch01.jpg>

Cypress Spurge </wiki/Cypress_Spurge>
/Euphorbia cyparissias/

	
</wiki/Image:Euphorbia_esula.jpeg>

Leafy Spurge </wiki/Leafy_Spurge>
/Euphorbia esula/

	
</wiki/Image:Euphorbia_myrsinites.JPG>

Myrtle Spurge </wiki/Myrtle_Spurge>
/Euphorbia myrsinites/

    * *Rhizanthium*

</wiki/Image:E_ferox_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia ferox </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_ferox&action=edit&redlink=1>/

	
</wiki/Image:E_flanaganii_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia flanaganii
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_flanaganii&action=edit&redlink=1>/

	
</wiki/Image:E_meloformis_valida_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia meloformis/ ssp. /valida/
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_meloformis&action=edit&redlink=1>

	
</wiki/Image:E_obesa_symmetrica_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia obesa/ ssp. /symmetrica/ </wiki/Euphorbia_obesa>

    * *Chamaesyce*

</wiki/Image:Chamaesyce_cyathia.jpg>

/Euphorbia celastroides
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_celastroides&action=edit&redlink=1>/

	
</wiki/Image:Euphorbiaheterophylla1web.jpg>

Painted Euphorbia </wiki/Painted_Euphorbia>
/Euphorbia heterophylla/

	
</wiki/Image:E_pulcherrima_ies.jpg>

Poinsettia </wiki/Poinsettia>
/Euphorbia pulcherrima/

	
</wiki/Image:E_rivae_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia rivae </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_rivae&action=edit&redlink=1>/

    * *Euphorbia*

</wiki/Image:E_actinoclada_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia actinoclada
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_actinoclada&action=edit&redlink=1>/

	
</wiki/Image:E_attastoma_attastoma_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia attastoma/ var. /attastoma/
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_attastoma&action=edit&redlink=1>

	
</wiki/Image:E_confinalis_rhodesica_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia confinalis/ ssp. /rhodesica/
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_confinalis&action=edit&redlink=1>

	
</wiki/Image:E_lupulina_ies.jpg>

/Euphorbia lupulina
</w/index.php?title=Euphorbia_lupulina&action=edit&redlink=1>/


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=8>] Footnotes

   1. *^ <#cite_ref-0>* Linnaeus (1753): p.450
   2. ^ ^/*a*/ <#cite_ref-dnaphylogeny_1-0> ^/*b*/
      <#cite_ref-dnaphylogeny_1-1> Steinmann & Porter (2002), Steinmann
      (2003), Bruyns /et al./ (2006)
   3. *^ <#cite_ref-cubanthus_2-0>* Steinmann, van Ee, Berry & Gutiérrez
      (2007) in Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=9>] References

    * Bruyns, Peter V. & al. (2006): /A new subgeneric classification
      for/ Euphorbia /(Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS
      and psbA-trnH sequence data/. /Taxon </wiki/Taxon_(journal)>/
      *55*(2): 397–420. HTML abstract
      <http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2006/00000055/00000002/art00013>
    * Buddensiek, Volker (2005): /Succulent/ Euphorbia /plus/ (CD-ROM).
      Volker Buddensiek Verlag.
    * Carter, Susan (1982): /New Succulent Spiny Euphorbias from East
      Africa/
    * Carter, Susan & Eggli, Urs (1997): /The CITES Checklist of
      Succulent/ Euphorbia /Taxa (Euphorbiaceae)/
    * Carter, Susan & Smith, A.L. (1988): /Flora of Tropical East
      Africa, Euphorbiaceae/
    * Linnaeus, Carolus </wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus> (1753): /Species
      Plantarum </wiki/Species_Plantarum>/ (1st ed.)
    * Noltee, Frans (2001): /Succulents in the wild and in cultivation,
      Part 2/ Euphorbia /to/ Juttadinteria (CD-ROM)
    * Eggli, Urs (ed.) (2002): /Sukkulentenlexikon/ (Vol. 2:
      Zweikeimblättrige Pflanzen (Dicotyledonen)). Eugen Ulmer Verlag.
    * Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L., Little, C.R. (2007). /Weeds in South
      Texas and Northern Mexico/. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. 
      ISBN 0-89672-614-2 </wiki/Special:BookSources/0896726142>
    * Pritchard, Albert (2003): /Introduction to the Euphorbiaceae/
    * Schwartz, Herman (ed.) (1983): /The Euphorbia Journal/ Strawberry
      Press, Mill Valley, California, USA
    * Singh, Meena (1994): /Succulent Euphorbiaceae of India/. Mrs.
      Meena Singh, A-162 Sector 40, NOIDA, New Delhi, India.
    * Steinmann, V.W. (2003): The submersion of /Pedilanthus/ into
      /Euphorbia/ (Euphorbiaceae). /Acta Botanica Mexicana/ *65*: 45-50.
      PDF fulltext
      <http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/publicaciones/resumeness/ABM/ABM.65.2003/acta65(45-50).pdf>
      [English with Spanish abstract]
    * Steinmann, V.W. & Porter, J.M. (2002): /Phylogenetic relationships
      in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence
      data/. /Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden/ *89*(4): 453–490.
      doi </wiki/Digital_object_identifier>:10.2307/3298591
      <http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3298591> (HTML abstract, first page
      image)
    * Turner, Roger </wiki/Roger_Turner_(garden_designer)> (1995):
      /Euphorbias - A Gardeners' Guide/. Batsford, England.


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Euphorbia&action=edit&section=10>]
    External links

<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia>
Wikimedia Commons </wiki/Wikimedia_Commons> has media related to:
/*Euphorbia <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia>*/

    * / Euphorbia
      <http://home.quicknet.nl/qn/prive/tj.de.graaf/euphorbia%20engels.htm>
    * International Euphorbia Society
      <http://www.euphorbia-international.org/>
    * Succulent Euphorbias <http://www.euphorbia.de/indexe.htm>
    * A selection of important / new literature
      <http://www.volkerbuddensiek.de/en-lit.html>
    * U4BA - Euphorbia for you <http://www.u4ba.nl/>
    * Euphorbia and the other succulents <http://succulent.cool.ne.jp/>
    * The Euphorbia Family <http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trmar98b.htm>
    * ITIS
      <http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28032>
    * IPNI
      <http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantsearch?request_type=search&output_format=query&ret_defaults=on>
    * Flora Zambesiaca: Euphorbia
      <http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/efloras/multisearch.do;jsessionid=07C81D07C1A0198276E32A03DEAA5A6D>

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    * Ελληνικά
      <http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1>
    * Español <http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia>
    * Esperanto <http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADforbio>
    * Français <http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbe>
    * Hornjoserbsce <http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ml%C3%B3%C4%8De%C5%84>
    * Italiano <http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia>
    * עברית
      <http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91>
    * Lietuvių <http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpa%C5%BEol%C4%97>
    * Nederlands <http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsmelk>
    * 日本語
      <http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B5%E5%B1%9E>
    * Polski <http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilczomlecz>
    * Português <http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia>
    * Русский
      <http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)>
    * Shqip <http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qum%C3%ABshtorja>
    * Српски / Srpski
      <http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0>
    * Suomi <http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyr%C3%A4kit>
    * Svenska <http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6relsl%C3%A4ktet>
    * faka-Tonga <http://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisihina>
    * 中文 <http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%9F%E5%B1%AC>

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